Zăpada constă în nenumărate cristale (fulgi de zăpadă) poziţionate laolaltă. Când fotonii razelor de lumină intră în cristalele de la suprafaţa stratului de zăpadă, ei se răsfrâng asupra tuturor cristalelor creându-se astfel un fenomen optic complex în urma căruia toată zăpada pare de culoare albă.
Practic, zăpada este albă deoarece toate moleculele sale reflectă tot spectrul culorilor luminii solare. Zăpada nu poate absorbi selectiv nicio culoare singulară. Spre deosebire de zăpadă şi gheaţă care sunt forme de apă solidificată, apa în formă lichidă reflectă foarte slab lumina. Când lumina care direct pe apă, acesta este absorbită aproape total, căci apa lichidă este prin definiţie transparentă şi cum lumina nu este reflectată la suprafaţa ei, apa este incoloră.
Pe de altă parte, din cauza structurii cristaline a fulgilor de nea, zăpada este un reflector excelent al luminii. Ea conţine nenumărate cristale de apă îngheţată, fiecare având mai multe faţete strălucitoare care reflectă lumina ca o oglindă. Toată lumina albă este reflectată către ochii noştri, făcând ca noi să vedem zăpada de culoare albă.
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